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The Origin Of The Native American - 1415 Words

The number of explanations of the origin of the Native American populous is as various as the number of tribes there are throughout the land. Most tribes have their own belief on where they came from. The reason for why there are so many might be because the stories usually pertain to that specific tribe; they do not explain the reasoning behind the creation of other tribes on the other side of the continent. There are countless â€Å"versions of these creation and emergence stories,† (Calloway, 2012, p. 42) that seem to share common themes. Two common themes expressed would be, the creation of the land and animals to better the tribe’s way of life, and that humans and animals were created more equally and there is no bias amid them. While some†¦show more content†¦Old Man taught the Blackfeet tribe how to make weapons in order to hunt, what plants can be harvested, and what herbs and roots can be used as medicine. One of the most important lessons Old Man taug ht the people is how to get spirit power; by going away unaccompanied and sleeping through the night. While sleeping, a dream will come where something, usually an animal, will speak, guiding the Blackfeet tribes member. Old Man expressed to follow the lesson taught by the spirit animal and obey their words. When these first people of the Blackfeet were able to survive on their own Old Man continued his journey north once again. Along his journey, he created more people, and along with them, buffalo. He taught these new people how to hunt the buffalo and how to use the buffalo hides as shelters. After instructing this new tribe of Blackfeet, Old Man continued north, making new animals and people as he went; he did, eventually, start to head west to the mountains, however. It is expressed that Old Man can never die, and before he left the tribe to head west, he told them he would always watch over them and protect them. The Crow legend of the creation of the land and people starts with a world covered in water. The world was dark when the Old Man of the Crow People came into the world. Old man was surprised to see nothing but water. He saw two ducks swimming and asked them if there was any land or if the world was just water. The ducks told Old Man that

Australian Industrial Relations Amended Employees

Question: Describe about the Australian Industrial Relations for Amended Employees. Answer: 1. As from 1 July 2013, the Fair Work Act ( Australia) was amended to provide employees, who are victims of domestic violence, to negotiate flexible working arrangements with their employers. Why was this legislative amendment put in place? In your view, is this legal reform justified or unjustified? If you, as the human resource manager, had received such a request, how would you deal with it? The fair work act 2009 was brought in Australia by the Rudd government, when they came to power in the year 2007 (Hor Keats, 2009). The aim of this act is to bring reform to the system of industrial relations in Australia. This law was replaced by the last Howard legislation government work choice, and this law came into operation in the year 2009 (Hor Keats, 2009). Collective bargaining tries to regulate the terms, under which the employers recruit the staff and the future future employee's treatment. Collective bargaining is considered as the mechanism that permits the employees, employers as well as parties for expressing the objective that too with respect towards work (Hor Keats, 2009). In the year 2010, the new arrangements of bargaining that comes under the Fair work Act came into operation. Contrary with the original arrangements, which are quite dominant and falls within the last Coalition legislation of work choice, the new regulations place the high stress over the company based bargaining by removing the agreements of individual Australian workplace (Hor Keats, 2009). It includes the outlaw trade pattern and it also minimizes the difference among non-union and union arrangements (Hor Keats, 2009). Along with this, government from last so many years had established the bodies that mainly try to deal with the industrial disputes resolution and even act as the single umpire for setting the less employment and wages standards (Creighton Forsyth, 2012). The present body is referred as the Fair work Australia. It also tries to enhance the agreements which come near to the level of the enterprise and even ensures about all parties, which comply with the accords (Creighton Forsyth, 2012). It also tries to resolve the disputes that go to the employees and employer, when no agreement could be met. Fair work Australia also tries to set up less level of wages for the lowest paid employees by the support of Minimum wages panel (Creighton Forsyth, 2012). It is evident that the office legitimate work Ombudsman tries to initiate the compliance through the legislation by information, education, and assistance (Creighton Forsyth, 2012). It also seeks to appoint the inspectors for Fair work that could monitor the compliance with legislation and undertake the action of enforcement by the court, if its required (Creighton Forsyth, 2012). Fair work Australia is considered as the tribunal of the national workplace. Its referred as the independent body that is highly independent of the government, union, and business and it also emphasizes over offering support to both the employers and employees (Creighton Forsyth, 2012). Fair work Australia also tries to power the broader than the Australian industrial relations commission powers, and it also covers up the power of different awards, makes fewer wage orders; it also assesses the agreement by the use of complete test; it also approve the contracts; it also determines the claims of unfair dismissal; it also makes orders over certain things like industrial action and better bargaining (Creighton Forsyth, 2012). It also includes different as well as modify the transferring instrument of employment in business transfer; it also assists the employers and employees for resolving the disputes at the workplace; it also deals with the problems that arise through the right rela ted to the entry provisions (Creighton Forsyth, 2012). It also deals with the problems coming through the basic protections as well as the provision for unlawful termination. It also deals with the national employment entitlement standards extension (Creighton Forsyth, 2012). In the case of what should be considered under the Fair work Australia includes. For permitting the agreement of company, Fair work Australia should be highly satisfied that particular needs should be met, it includes the agreement, which is made through the agreement of staff including the agreement (Robbins, Cenzo, Coulter Woods, 2013). This deal pass the complete test and fails to include the unlawful terms as well as mentioned outworking terms; the group of staff including the agreement was better selected; the agreement also says about the particular date like the regular expiry date, which is not more than the four years, after taking approval of Fair work Australia (Robbins, Cenzo, Coulter Woods, 2013). This agreement also offers the dispute procedure of settlement, and it also includes the consultation clause and flexibility clause (Robbins, Cenzo, Coulter Woods, 2013). It has been traditionally seeming to be quite sensitive as well as individual subject, but as per the Fa ir work commission staff, they require too dangerous for the disclosure policies in the workplace. Workplace relations is considered as something, in which large employers had to face the enormous amount of time at work (Robbins, Cenzo, Coulter Woods, 2013). While it is noted that office romances are not uncommon, the parties include taking reasonable measures to ensure about the work, that it should not get impacted. The Fair Work Act current decision tries to reject the application of unfair dismissal of the managers of Westpac that highly failed in disclosing the workplace affairs with their subordinate staff, in case one gets failed in communicating relations of office (Robbins, Cenzo, Coulter Woods, 2013). In certain situations, where managers tries to form the relationship with their subordinate, mainly when the managers directly try to supervise the subordinates, the Fair work Act includes the perception that relations holds the potential towards creating the conflicts that are in interest of the office (Robbins, Cenzo, Coulter Woods, 2013). The question is what human resource managers should do. In such case, while it would be challenging for the staff to work towards enforcing the policy of no relationship, and all the human resource managers should concrete over the restrictions and disclosure policies (Baker McKenzie, 2010). Fair work Act decisions include considering the main problems, which includes, the system of conflict interest, as it tries to stop the conflicts of interest that go between the subordinates and managers and offer the solution, for instance, reassigning the staff in the relationship form (Baker McKenzie, 2010). It also includes the disclosure policy, which tries to oblige the one, that is included in the workplace romance for the purpose of disclosing the relations with the human resource manager, to take the step that could ensure that there is no potential for conflicting interest (Baker McKenzie, 2010). It also provides the relationship policies in the workplace that are also evident to all the employees and it also ensure about the supervisors, who should be trained for supervising efficiently and manage the relationship at work with the office subordinates (Baker McKenzie, 2010). While dealing with the workplace relationship, HR managers need to look for the disclosure policy; that fails to guarantee that each person will get abide with it. The business also requires to have the system of a workplace relationship, which tries to outline the steps that should be considered the relationship and mention that its not openly disclosed to everyone (Baker McKenzie, 2010). Human resource managers require to make sure that the workplace and disclosure relationship policies mentions that disciplinary actions should include about the dismissal, and should consider, where the staff fails to open and offer adequate disclose of the workplace relations, mainly the relationship that hold the potential towards creating the conflicts that are in interest of the company (Baker McKenzie, 2010). Disclosure of the office relations need to be intimate interaction among the HR manager, and employees, who will be later on decided whether the required changes are necessary to be made for the purpose of reducing the risk involve in any relationship related issues (Baker McKenzie, 2010). Staff should be prepared to depict the relationship doesnt create influence on the business or work. HR managers also make sure that the firm is not adversely impacted by the workplace relations, and in this case HR manager should try to implement the policy of disclosure or either the contractual needs, which express that disciplinary action should be considered, that also includes dismissal, in which staff fails in opening about the release of workplace relations and also make sure that the staff is aware of the responsibilities that go under the workplace and disclosure of the relationship policies, along with the obligations related to the office relations with human resource manager (Rogers, 2010). Under the present legislation, the critical area associated with the staff relations, which is centralized is considered as a determination of less wage (Stone, 2011). Every year compared to the less pay panel of the Australian Fair work Act tries to determine the less wage for the permanent employees, which are not covered under the awards along with casual wages, less junior wage, and less training wages, and fewer wages for the staff are having a disability (Stone, 2011). While making the decisions, the MWP includes the submissions through the high-level employees of the company along, with high-level union bodies, as well as government (Stone, 2011). Fair work Australia also offers the assistance of bargaining for the staff in the less paid industries like aged care, child care as well as services of community. This is referred as the new features of the system of fair work. It is highly designated to support the employees that are missed out over the advantage of company bargain ing in the past (Stone, 2011). 2. You may have read about the bitterly disputed enterprise bargaining agreement (EBA) between Victoria's Firefighters Union and the Country Fire Authority (CFA), Australia from recent news articles. The Fair Work Commission has ruled in favor of Victoria's Firefighters' Union, sparking political unrest which resulted in the sacking of the entire CFA board (2); the resignations of Victoria's Emergency Services Minister Jane Garrett (1) and, that of CFA Chief Executive Lucinda Nolan. Do you agree with Fair Work Commission's ruling? If so, why then has it caused so much unrest? If not, what should it be and why? The dispute going between the United Firefighters Union as well as Victorias country fire authority, which had tried to dominate the headlines (CCH Australia Limited, 2011). The Victoria country fire authority mentions that it helps the increase in wage for the firefighters career, but at the same time rejected the conditions of union, which is specified in the enterprise bargaining agreement (Fair Work Act, 2016). It mentions that it had the serious issues related to the proposal and it is threatened that it will try to marginalize the volunteers of CFA. The union had sought to hose the fears. It also mentions about the problem that is politicized as well as volunteers continue their role (McCarthy, Jenkin Stewart, 2011). This process started with the talks going among the CFA and UFU that began in the last year October. In this case, the state government consult about the commission of fair work for the purpose of intervening, as well as it needs an industrial umpire, which could easily handle the recommendations (McCarthy, Jenkin Stewart, 2011). Among the commissioners of fair work, Julius Roes recommendations over the non-binding had made controversial decisions, which could reduce the many professional firefighters that could be dispatched with the incidents, before commencing the operations of safe firefighting (McCarthy, Jenkin Stewart, 2011). But within the recommendations of the Commissioner Roe, it mentions, that the findings should never impact the volunteers. As per the decision, the board of CFA had given a vote against the proposal as well as hundreds of firefighters, which had gone on streets for protesting (Varma Budhwar, 2013). Fair work commission is ruling correctly and includes the concern about the CFA. The board of CFA had also given a vote against the proposal by mentioning that; it has been 14 years related to the agreement, which also includes the clauses that might go unlawful (Deresky Christopher, 2011). The proposed EBA tries to undermine the volunteers, culture permits the operations of UFU as well as control the management and are even different. They mentioned that they dont help the required employees number for attending the fires as well as fear of changes that could sideline the volunteers (Deresky Christopher, 2011). In this case, union mentions that they dont want to work with the volunteers, but at the same time, they want firefighters to get safe. It also says that the volunteers are usually acting as the controllers, which hold the capacity towards providing orders (CCH Australia Limited, 2010). Peter Marshall of UFU mentioned that as the need for seven firefighters is given in each scene was mainly safety problem, and they would indeed deliver the next truck that could get dispatched (Townsend Luck, 2012). He also mentioned that the next vehicle has failed to come out as it was expected due to the volunteer crew unavailability. The union also suggested that the seven rule are not applied on around 31 stations from 1200, and the one that arrived first, whether its the paid firefighters or either the volunteers, will be fighting. It also mentioned that the officer of dispute resolution would be placed for conducting disagreement on the union concerns (Loudon, McPhail Wilkinson, 2013). Mr. Marshall had mentioned that the credibility of the state government would fall at stake if they failed to act on the recommendations that are made by the commission of Fair work (Loudon, McPhail Wilkinson, 2013). It was mentioned by Victorian Premier Daniel Andrews that they were quite confident that all the problems could be resolved quickly (Loudon, McPhail Wilkinson, 2013). The proposal requires getting cross-check through the Emergency and cabinet services minister, who was highly responsible for taking the hard-line that goes against the UFU claims (Loudon, McPhail Wilkinson, 2013). It was mentioned by the Malcolm Turnbull, who was the Prime Minister, and he said in the CFA rally. But many others are working within the government, who said suggestions through the Fair Labor Commission as balanced nd fair. The problems had also occurred in the spotlight of the federal politics. Malcolm Turnbull, who was the prime minister tried to back the volunteers of CFA at the Melbourne rally, and they had even vowed towards amending the Fair work Act to protect the volunteers (Loudon, McPhail Wilkinson, 2013). Various weeks of infighting on the deal come in the head at the time of meeting conducted for the emergency cabinet, at the time when Andrews tried to backed the union that the primary campaign was put in the workplace and the minister consider to be one of the rising stars of government (Forsyth, 2010). The resignation of Garrett also announced when the representatives left the room and followed through confirming that the government would make sue of the powers that comes under the Act of Country Fire Authority to force the company into signing the agreement (Fair Work Frequently Asked Questions, 2009). Despite of every concern, that were raised by Garrett and they addressed it. She had mentioned that she neglected to help the proposal of cabinet in order to end the dispute that was going for long term within the agreement of CFA enterprise (Forsyth Stewart, 2009). Later on, in the press conference and in front of the firefighters, Andrew had mentioned about the decision about accepting the agreement that needs to be unanimous (Teicher, Holland Gough, 2013). Mr Roe had also criticised the manner in which CFA try to handle the process of bargaining by mentioning that there is no explanation offered about why the most current recommended results are different from the results of the previous one (Tovey, Uren Sheldon, 2010). But it was also mentioned that the Brigades Victoria, who was the chief executive had given the warning about the deal that might ruin the CFA as well as try to marginalise the firefighters volunteers (Marten, 2013). The hearts of the volunteers was shattered today, as they were broken through the process, and they might destroy the CFA. It is noted that Premier should never accept the suggestions. Mathew Guy, who was the opposition leader mentioned that CFA was smashed if the government tried to push the pay deal (Smith, Vromen Cook, 2012). Daniel Andrews should not approve the suggestions in order to smash with CFA and give the power of the company to the union (Riley, 2005). References Baker., McKenzie. (2010). Australian Master Human Resources Guide 2010. CCH Australia Limited CCH Australia Limited. (2010). Australian Master Fair Work Guide. CCH Australia Limited CCH Australia Limited. (2011). Understanding the Fair Work Act. CCH Australia Limited Creighton, B., Forsyth, A. (2012). Rediscovering Collective Bargaining: Australia's Fair Work Act in International Perspective. Routledge Deresky, H., Christopher, E. (2011). International Management: Managing Cultural Diversity. Pearson Higher Education AU Fair Work Act. (2016). " """"" Fair Work Frequently Asked Questions. (2009). CCH Australia Limited Forsyth, A. J. (2010). Navigating the Fair Work Laws. Thomson Reuters Australia, Limited Forsyth, A., Stewart, A. (2009). Fair Work: The New Workplace Laws and the Work Choices Legacy. Federation Press Loudon, R., McPhail, R., Wilkinson, A. (2013). Introduction to Employment Relations. Pearson Higher Education AU Marten, B. (2013). Port State Jurisdiction and the Regulation of International Merchant Shipping. Springer Science Business Media McCarthy, E., Jenkin, E., Stewart, A. (2011). Parental Leave: A User-friendly Guide. Piper Alderman Hor, J., Keats, L. (2009). Managing Termination of Employment: A Fair Work Act Guide. CCH Australia Limited Riley, J. (2005). Employee Protection at Common Law. Federation Press Robbins, S., Cenzo, D. D., Coulter, M., Woods, M. (2013). Management: the Essentials. Pearson Higher Education AU Rogers, B. (2010). Australian Fair Work Act 2009: With Regulations and Rules. CCH Australia Limited Smith, R., Vromen, A., Cook, I. (2012). Contemporary Politics in Australia: Theories, Practices and Issues. Cambridge University Press Stone, R. J. (2011). Human Resource Management. John Wiley Sons Australia, Limited Teicher, J., Holland, P., Gough, R. (2013). Australian Workplace Relations. Cambridge University Press Tovey, M. D., Uren, M. L., Sheldon, N. E. (2010). Managing Performance Improvement. Pearson Higher Education AU Townsend, R., Luck, M. (2012). Applied Paramedic Law and Ethics: Australia and New Zealand. Elsevier Health Sciences Varma, A., Budhwar, P. S. (2013). Managing Human Resources in Asia-Pacific: Second Edition. Routledge

United States Expansionism 1790s- 1860s Essays - Cherokee Nation

United States Expansionism: 1790s- 1860s United States Expansionism: 1790s- 1860s The major American aspiration during the 1790s through the 1860s was westward expansion. Americans looked to the western lands as an opportunity for large amounts of free land, for growth of industry, and manifest destiny. This hunger for more wealth and property, led Americans conquer lands that were rightfully someone else's. Manifest destiny and westward expansion brought many problematic issues to the Unites States verses the Indians that took the Americans to the Civil War. The first issue that arose for the Americans, was where to put the existing Indians while they conquered their land. The United States felt that the Indians needed to be secluded from all other races so that they would become civilized. This Indian Territory was where eastern Indian tribes such as the Kickapoos, Delawares, and Shawnees lived. As the population of Americans increased in the western sector of the United States, they also invaded that land specially allotted for the Indians. Instead of moving the Americans out of the Indian Territory, the government minimized the size of Indian Territory by half. Now the Northern half was open for white settlement. As for the western Indians, such as the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapahos, American settlers went around them to settle the California and Oregon. The Americans decided to stay away from further conflict with the native Americans because they knew they were unable to move them away from their land. Americans continued their western movement and put forth their domination over the Indians. The first step the United States took in claiming this new land for them was by establishing a land system. The Land Ordinance of 1785 established an orderly way to divide up and sell the new lands of the Western United States. Shortly after, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set up a system of government for the land north of the Ohio River. Slavery was outlawed in the five states that made up the Northwest Territory, and no self-government was to be set up until at least five thousand free white men were in the territory. The next step the Americans took had to do with forcing the Indians off their land. They managed to trick the Indians by making treaties with them. The Indians were practically forced to agree with the treaties. Most Americans didn't even keep their promises. For example, in the Treaty of Fort Stanwiz of 1784 and the Treaty of Fort McIntosh of 1785, the Iroquois and other Ohio Indians were forced to give a portion of their land to the United States. The U. S. then proceeded to divide up this land, but settlers could not buy any of it until 1788. Many Americans became restless and decided to go in and settle these lands illegally, not honoring their treaty with the Indians. These treaties were the only way the United States was going to be allowed to legally take over the Indian lands with the agreement of the Indians. This new recognition and use of treaties fell under the Indian Intercourse Act of 1790. This was a form of written documentation that allowed the ceding of land to be possible through the treaties. Americans, however, did not honor their agreement with the Indians, and in the future, some tribes used this against the government in trying to regain the land that was taken from them illegally. These treaties also led to Indian resistance and increasing difficulties with the native peoples. As Thomas Jefferson took over the Presidency in 1801, he was determined to civilize the Indians. He planned to take over the land in a peaceful manner. In return, the Americans shared with the Indians their civilized way of living. Jefferson's goal was to educate the Indians and convert them to Christianity. He did this in hopes that the two cultures would be able to co-exist. However, his planned failed and continuous problems arose between the Americans and the Indians. The United States also managed to gain three million acres of Delaware and Potawatomi land in Indiana through the Treaty of Fort Wayne. Because these people had established an alliance with the Northwest Confederation tribes, Tecumseh, the leader, proclaimed this treaty invalid because one tribe could speak for the rest. This belief led to great resistance, by the Indians, to further expansion and disagreement with the U. S. government. In 1822, Tecumseh gathered Indian warriors to attack American soldiers, led by William henry Harrison. This attack was a failure for the Indian cause and both sides suffered casualties. However, the Indians managed to scare the United States. The British were

The Removal of the Compulsory Retirement Age to Employ People Between the Ages of 65 and 80

The Removal of the Compulsory Retirement Age to Employ People Between the Ages of 65 and 80 Compulsory retirement age, is the age at which employees in particular positions, by law are no longer eligible to continue working. Since this practice is unlawful, many countries have instituted laws to discourage it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Removal of the Compulsory Retirement Age to Employ People Between the Ages of 65 and 80 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the truth is that despite these measures, aged workers continue to experience discrimination; for example, they are least preferred for job opportunities and are the most likely victims for retrenchment. Most people who retire between the ages of 65- 80 are still energetic and able to carry out their duties effectively if granted an opportunity to continue with their jobs (Wallace, 2004, pp.15). Their retirement is a loss of productivity not only to the country but also to the retirees themselves. The retirees lose a source of income and those who would not have developed an alternative source of income prior to retirement may face a financial crisis. The loss of income leads to the retirees cutting down their expenditure considerably in order for them to be able to manage financially. For instance, they may cut down leisure and entertainment expenses. A classical example is when a regular tourist overseas no longer tours his/ her favorite destination after retirement (Lynch, 2012, pp.12) Retirement also comes along with health repercussions. An increase in stress leads to hormonal derangements which may be fatal. There is also an increase in musculo- skeletal and cardio vascular diseases among retirees due to reduced exercise after retirement. Workers between the age brackets 65- 80 are still productive and this is the age at which they have gained enough experience in the field to offer the best services. Their continued employment will also ensure a continued supply of labor force to continue with nation building .Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Objectives for the study include: To find out whether the removal of the compulsory retirement age will lead to increased productivity and economic growth, to find out whether it is cheaper to recruit fresh labor force after retirement of previous labor force as opposed to maintaining the retired labor force. In focus of the first objective, some employers argue that elderly employees, especially 65 years and above tend to be less productive and less efficient and yet so highly remunerated. The elderly workers are less hardworking and equally less enthusiastic as a result of senescence. On the other hand other employers say that elderly employees are well experienced in the particular field and for this reason, they will be more productive in the same field. This study will shade more light on this issue and hence assist employees make infor med decisions when they wish to improve the productivity of their firms (Wallace, 2005, pp.34). For the second objective, it is aimed at establishing which is more economical between hiring a fresh employee and maintaining the employee who has exceeded age 65. Recruitment is an expensive process in regards to vacancy advertisement. It can be quite time consuming on the part of the employer during the hiring process since several interviewing sessions need to be carried out to determine the suitability of each candidate to the vacancy. With regard to this, maintaining elderly workers becomes a better option than hiring. On the other hand, elderly employees tend to be less productive and yet highly paid due to their experience in the field. Achievement of this study objective will shade more light on which way is more economical (Djos, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Removal of the Compulsory Retirement Age to Employ People Between the Ages of 65 a nd 80 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most suitable approach to this study is a structured questionnaire administered to various employers to fill in and the data collected analyzed and conclusions drawn. The questions asked will cause the employers to divulge information regarding the performance of their employees (Aunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009). For example, the employer will gauge the performance of all his/ her employees and give a feedback. Performance of the employees who are less than 65 years of age will be compared to that of employees who are above 65 years of age. The data collected will be analyzed to determine, between the two groups, which one is more productive. The respondents will also be required to give the cost of recruitment and hiring new workers to replace the aged employees, which will be weighed against high wages and salaries paid to the aged employees. This will give an insight into which of the two scen arios is more economical to the organization. Other relevant questions in relation to the viability of employing people above the age of 65 years would be asked through the questionnaire and the responses analyzed appropriately. The health status of former employees who retired after reaching age 65 would also be sought to determine if there is any relationship between retirement and these ailments (Whitehouse, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature Review As the older generation is trying to extend its life in the work place, there is bound to be a change in the workforce demographics and productivity. Questions also arise on the issue of what costs the firms will incur; in terms of worker compensation due to health risks. Studies are proving the fact that; older workers tend to have a lower productivity ratio compared to the younger workforce. Companies and especially the private firms tend to have a bias toward the younger people because of their output capabilities (Gardner, 2008) The older people are associated with time loss and high costs of maintenance. The Demographers predict that the trend of the rising aged work force will continue to be witnessed for the next fifteen years; this is the case not only in Australia but globally. The percentage of the old work force has risen from 11.2 in 1992 and is predicted to be at 18.7 by 2020. Firms are retaining the old work force, because of the experience they bring to their companies; this also eliminates the huge training costs they would have to spend on new recruits (Pransky, 2005) Prevalence of work disability increases with the age of the workers. These disabilities tend to limit the productivity of the workers. In some cases the productivity is reduced by 22 percent compared to 4 percent within the younger labourers. The legislations that extend the working years only create other forms of problems to the already congested population. Unemployment rates are bound to sore globally as the young graduates are denied vacancies (Biddle, 2004) Conclusion The aged workforce, bring about a professional skill forged with time. Their skill is unmatched by the younger generation. It is however important to note that with age, productivity of the aged people is minimal in other professions. The young people bring about an enthusiasm that develops competition, quality and maximum output. Reference list Aunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A 2009, Resea rch methods for business students, Prentice Hall, Harlow. Biddle, J 2004, Older workers and workplace injuries. Brown and Company Publishers, Boston. Djos, M 2010, Sailing out of retirement: living the dream, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Gardner, J 2008, Return to work incentives: Lessons for policymakers from economists, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Lynch, C 2012, Retirement on the line: age, work and value in an American factory, Cornell University Press, New York. Pransky, G 2005, A comparison of older and younger workers, McGraw Hill, New York. Wallace, A 2005, ‘Mandatory retirement at age 65 in question. (Law)’. (Brief Article): An article from Sask-Business, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Wallace, M 2004, The aged work-force, John Wiley Sons, West Sussex. Whitehouse, E 2006, Retirement Income-systems in 53 countries, Morgan Kaufman Publishers, San Francisco.

Positive vs. Negative Commands in Spanish

Positive vs. Negative Commands in Spanish Spanish uses a different verb form for positive direct commands (such as do it) than it does for negative direct commands (dont do it) in the familiar second-person form, that is, when speaking to tà º or vosotros. Note the differences with the following regular verbs, all of them in the imperative mood. Pronouns in parentheses are optional and are included here for clarity: habla (tà º) (speak, you singular); no hables (dont speak, you singular); hablad (vosotros) (speak, you plural); no hablà ©is (vosotros) (dont speak, you plural) come (tà º) (eat, you singular); no comas (dont eat, you singular); comed (vosotros) (eat, you plural); no comis (vosotros) (dont eat, you plural) vive (tà º) (live, you singular); no vivas (dont live, you singular); vivid (vosotros) (live, you plural); no vivis (vosotros) (dont live, you plural) The same endings are usually used for most of the irregular verbs as well. Note that the negative form of familiar second-person commands is the same as the present subjunctive form. Here are some examples of sentences showing the difference with irregular verbs: Ve a casa. (Go home, singular) No vayas a casa. (Dont go home.) Id a casa. (Go home, plural) No vayis a casa. (Dont go home, plural.) Hazlo. (Do it.) No lo hagas. (Dont do it.) Hacedlo. (Do it, plural.) No lo hagis. (Dont do it, plural.) Dime. (Tell me.) No me digas. (Dont tell me.) Decidme. (Tell me, plural.) No me digis. (Dont tell me, plural.)

Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Term Paper Example According to him, to understand this sector completely one must consider to analyze following points like economic factors, industry trend, and competitive sources (Diechart et al). This paper is based on the marketing strategies of these two giants along with the discussion on several economic parameters like demand theory, opportunity cost, preferred completion. The paper also gives a historic overview of the companies, their financial performance and also a suggestion part that can be helpful for these two organizations to be more competitive. Analysis Methodology The study is about the market dominance of both the company in terms of different economical parameter. The findings are based on various article and financial report published in different magazines, news, and financial report of both the companies and a comparison between these two companies marketing strategy. The main two questions we are trying to answer are as follows: 1. Comparative analysis of marketing strategy of Coca-Cola and Pepsi. 2. Analysis of two companies in different micro-economic perspective. For marketing strategy review and the effect of the same on these two companies the main source of informationis company’s annual report, different article related to company’s marketing strategies over the year and the style of branding and promotion. For economic perspective, various economical factors are analyzed based on available secondary data sources. Coke and Pepsi: Past and Present position in the Market. There were three different factorsassociated with the market performance of these two companies. According to Data Monitor, these were market size, growth rate and overall profitability. Among no-alcoholic drinks soft-drinks have the overall market share of 46.8%. The total market value of the soft drinks industry was $307.2 billion in 2002 and as per their report was expected to reach around $367billion by 2009. Although along with this strong forecast, Data Monito r also predicted that there will be a slight decline in the soft drinks market due to market price. This was due to increase in the other non-alcoholic industry like tea and coffee (11.8%) and water (9.3%). According to Diechart et al, despite of solid profit margins the declaration in the soft drinks market was due to market saturation especially in USA. According to him, to increase the profitability the soft drinks company needed the product diversification to reach out more number of people. According to Murray’s report Coca Cola enjoyed maximum market share of around 50% followed by Pepsi (21%). The Coca Cola were having more diversified soft drinks offering for the client like Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Fanta, Sprite etc and they were engaged in over 200 nations (Diechart et al). Pepsi have brands like Pepsi, Dew, and Slice etc (Diechart). According to thereport published in the Bangkok Post Coke sales was grown by 32% in 2012, which was highest in last 10 years. The markets hare of coke again rose to 50% whereas Pepsi falling to 15% (Bangkok Post). Marketing Strategy: Coca Cola: The main aim of Coca Cola is to refresh the world, to inspire moments of optimism and happiness and to create value and make a difference in customer mind. To fulfill their mission 5 broad steps were taken by the marketing team of

Engagement on the Social Web Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Engagement on the Social Web - Assignment Example e fastest growing social technology driven platform where a small take-out restaurant can connect to millions of target customers spread within the geographic boundaries. Since Face Book is the most conveniently accessible platform therefore, there is no expense involved and it is free of time jurisdiction (Packer, 2013). Social technology driven platforms like Face book is integral in enhancing the individual’s ability to act. It is an upshot of social innovation which came into existence to serve the unmet social needs of the customers etc. the social innovation approach actually speaks of the novel ideas approved by technology in order to provide with individuals with something that fulfills their unmet demands. Social innovation approach focuses on a collaborative medium of knowledge sharing platform just like Face Book, regarded as â€Å"atomic action of collaborative media†, where people can interact and gain knowledge about whatever information is uploaded on Face Book, in masses (Medea Maimo University, 2012). Moreover customers are empowered and motivated to participate instead of top down. Since a small takeout restaurant is a grass root organization therefore SMM is the finest marketing platform where it can reach its targeted customers while communicating with them at the sa me time at minimum expense (European Commission, 2013). Packer, G., (2013, May 27).  Breezily Apocalyptic: Silicon Valley Vs. The World - CHANGE THE WORLD: Silicon Valley transfers its slogans—and its money—to the realm of politics. Retrieved  July  23, 2013, from http://breezilyapocalyptic.tumblr.com/post/51271488195/change-the-world-silicon-valley-transfers-its Medea Maimo University (2012, December 10).  Collaborative media: production, consumption and design. Retrieved  July  23, 2013, from

Electronic Commerce Essay Example for Free

Electronic Commerce Essay Introduction: E-Commerce is basically using the Internet to either buy or sell goods and it has been revolutionizing the way business is controlled. In recent times Internet has evolved so huge it has lead to development of lots of new web based technologies one of them, which is most used, is E-Commerce [1]. Online shopping is an example for the most used forms of e-commerce, which companies like Amazon or eBay offer. E-Commerce in Modern Business: Nowadays businesses that do not have an EC model have started adapting automating all the manual operations overriding it by e-commerce, since every person would want to save time and money, and these 2 factors are very important in a person’s life. Consider a person who wants to purchase a laptop, he does need to go to a store physically to buy it, he can buy it online within minutes, the laptop company would already have an online shopping website, the person can just browse for available laptops which contains all the information regarding the product right from color, weight, configuration, hardware and software’s, best part is he can also change the configuration online as he wants. Few companies offering online shopping are Dell, Apple, Hewlett Packard, Lenovo and many more. EC gives the people the added advantage to compare various products with one-click, they can either buy or sell their products. Usually sometimes people might not find all the brands in one particular store and now since EC has evolved to an extent where most of the brands offer online shopping a person is not limited to a geography and also M-commerce which is basically using wireless devices or handheld devices to do online transactions. M-commerce has been growing exponentially over the years. Smartphones is the new trend, people started creating Apps for their business, which can be accessed through mobiles, everyone can easily use the App on their smartphone to buy food, clothes, book flight/train/bus/cab etc. It is more  like people can buy anything from the device on the go if they have Internet [1]. E-Commerce in Social Media: Social media has really changed the way we communicate it has replaced all the old age types of communications like writing post cards or letters. Internet has a big role in this change; people use social platforms like Messages, Watsapp, Twitter, YouTube or Facebook for communicating. Many people have still have a doubt how would social media increase the sales of a business. It is simple since almost everyone uses some kind of social networking platform for communicating; these platforms really bring awareness, they showcase daily deals as advertisements, people can keep a tab on the latest products releasing from a brand, business use celebrities to endorse their brands, customers can directly interact on these platforms with others and can discuss the plus or minus of a product or a service [2]. So businesses can setup up an advertisement on a website or social platform to promote their product. Feature for a person or business to promote a product or service ranging from 5$ per day to 100$ per day, based on the payment the audience for the advertisements will be higher. Most of the social networking platforms make money through advertisements. LinkedIn one more social platform for professionals where people from various companies meet and greet each other, participate in technical or non-technical discussions, but one feature where e-commerce is involved in LinkedIn is, it offers a premium profile for users in which a person will have access to apply for more number of jobs and recruiters have full access to post a new job, search for people who need a job or who are considering a job change. This way EC has a very important role in social media too. International Barriers for Success of EC: 3 International Barriers to EC which and their role in EC’s success, one of them is no limitation to Geography. In an e-commerce model when the website  offers shipping to not only domestic places but also internationally, it really helps increase the revenue [3]. Consider a product like Cordless Warming Tray, which is available in America but not available in countries like India, so if anyone wants it, buying the product is easy, any person can purchase the item online through Amazon and enter his/her international address for shipping. E-commerce websites also offer an option for faster shipping if the person needs a product immediately for which the person should pay a little more for the shipping costs. Business are now seeing the opportunities in international markets and have started their business setup’s in those countries, like Amazon did in India recently investing 2 Billions dollars and Uber too a cab service business which is based out of America also started its business in India and few other countries. Success of EC can be calculated here by the increase in revenue from international markets. Only few companies are offering this kind of non-limitation to geography like Amazon, Barnes and Noble etc. Organizations that only offer shipping fewer countries include The Limited, J-Crew and few others. Second type of international barrier is language, considering most of them speak English there might be a section of people who do not speak, read or write English. So to offer e-commerce for those people or to those areas/countries e-commerce websites started adapting their software or website in such a way that a user who has no knowledge of English would be able to search for any product he wants without the need to type in English, he would be able to do it in his own mother tongue and the price of the product is shown in various currencies which would help buyers to easily compare the price. In this type of barrier the number of users base for each company increases which ultimately increases the revenue too. Since now EC model would not only have customers from places who speak, read or write English but also from places where they can use their local language to buy or sell goods, this is very healthy in the EC model. Third type of barrier is for a successful EC model is Legal battle and Infrastructure, as we talked about no limitations to geography and language, so when a company sets up a EC model in different countries the first and foremost thing they will need to comply with is the legal rules of that particular country. Following the rules and regulations legally would really help a company offering EC to run their business smoothly without any issues or hiccups. There have been lots of issues for few companies offering EC in various countries, consider Facebook which is a most used social platform all over the world had to fight for legality issues in few countries since people’s information was visible for everyone. One more example would be Google Earth, which faced a lot of criticism and legal issues and is now banned in India, since it was very helpful for some organizations, which are under the radar of military forces. There are success stories like Amazon, EBay and many more who have been successfully doing their business in different countries. These companies have setup their websites domain separately for each country. Like www.amazon.com is used globally, www.amazon.au is used in Australia, www.amazon.in is used in India, these sites have their own infrastructure setup to control the load of users. Since EC systems should be available 24*7 for them to gain the users reliability and confidence also because users are all across the globe they cannot afford to lose business, they need to have their website up and running all the time. To establish that they need to have heavy configurations, storage and network bandwidths and a team of technical experts who would have the capability to stop hackers from attacking their websites and access risk management techniques well before anything unusual happens. To sum up EC has been growing and will be growing exponentially in today’s and tomorrow’s business, since the ease of doing business has become very easy and as discussed time and money are important which can be saved from EC. Social media the main way of communicating with each other has also benefited from EC in a big way, since billions of users use this platform the revenue generated from the social media advertisements has made some of the start up companies like Google and Facebook to grow from a small scale companies to one of the biggest branded company and revenue generating companies all over the world. The international barriers have also as discussed added up to the success of EC. There might be limitations to EC like security issues and protecting the website or software from hackers but  it all depends on the organization on who attentive they are, how good their staff is in preventing such kind of attacks from happening. REFERENCES: [1] Turban, E, King, D (2012). Electronic commerce 2012: A managerial and social networks perspective, (7th ed.). Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA. [2] R. T. Wigand, (1997), â€Å"Electronic commerce: Definition, theory, and context,† The Information Society, vol.13, no. 1, pp. 1–10, New York, USA. [3] Farhoomand, AF; Tuunainen, VK; Yee, LW, (2000), â€Å"Barriers to global electronic Commerce: A cross-country study of Hong Kong and Finland, vol. 10 n. 1, p. 1-40, Hong Kong.

Odysseus Lessons :: essays research papers

On Odysseus journey home, he learned many lessons as on of them†¦he learned that he needs the help of others. His men for instance helped him fight in the Trojan War. They put together a large horse to sit and wait in, and in a building where the Trojans were celebrating, for they thought they had won the war. Once everybody was asleep, they got out of the horse, and started to attack everybody and killed everybody that was in sight. They won the war without losing any men in the group. Another way he helped was by his men rowing their boats to all the places so they could get more information on how to get home to Ithaca. One of many gods that helped him was Aedus. Aedus gave him a bag of bad winds to get him home to Ithaca. All the winds were in the bag except for the west wind. The west wind will get him and his men home safely unless the bag is opened. If the bags of winds were to open all the winds would get out, and Odysseus would get turned back even further away from Ithaca.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Odysseus learned many lessons during his journey home to Ithaca. One of his lessons was that he got some wisdom. While on his journey he learned how to get around things the hard way. Instead of going through on land and on a pathway he went through water, and which the water gods would try to kill him. He got through safely with most of his men, and then they got into another situation just like the whole story. Another lesson he got was courage. The courage came from fighting all the monsters of evil. There were huge man-eating flowers inside a cave. He lost six men, but got through the rest of the cave with all his men. They were deadly gods who tried to kill his crew but only Odysseus survives. And he floated to an island where he was captured for days, but to us was years. With his courage, he built a boat and sailed off to another island for help. And that is what he got, help. Without these two things, he would have depended on the gods instead of himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One other lesson is that he learned was to trust. And to trust the gods that

Antz Movie – Sociology

ANTZ 1. Define social class. Name at least two social classes depicted in the movie.  ·Social class: a defined set by social stratification where people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories  ·Social Classes in ANTZ i. Worker ants ii. Soldier ants iii. Royal ants 2. Who make up the underclass in the ant colony?  ·The underclass in the ant colony is considered to be the worker ants. 3. Give one example of social mobility in the movie. An example of social mobility in the movie is when â€Å"Z† and his friend, Weaver the soldier, switch jobs before the royal review. This change can be though of as vertical mobility since â€Å"Z’s† rank is considered to be upward and Weaver’s downward. 4. What does the term â€Å"life chances† mean? What are the life chances of the ants in the movie?  ·A life chance is the likeliness of obtaining and maintaining the material and nonmaterial things in life. According to the book, life chances decreased as social class level declines.In the movie, the royal ants appeared to eat the good of the land, while the worker ants moved the good of the land or earth. 5. Define class consciousness. Give one example of class consciousness depicted in the movie.  ·Class consciousness: Awareness of one's place in a system of social classes as it relates to the class struggle.  ·There are several instances where the ants become class conscious. The scene where â€Å"Z† is talking to Aztec shows that they understand what class they are in, but choose to take different outlooks on it.The fighting scene in the bar where the worker ants fight against the soldiers is also another instance. 6. Define false consciousness. Give one example of false consciousness depicted in the movie.  ·False consciousness is depicted in the movie when the worker ants accept what the General Mandible says when he break up the rallies that emerged after â€Å"Z† kidnaps the princess. Through out the movie a dominant ant gave orders to worker ants and they accepted them, which is what false consciousness is; the acceptance of the dominant ideology. . Define lifestyle. What are the lifestyle differences of the ants in the movie?  ·Lifestyle: the differences in the way people live among social classes  ·In the movie the perspective of what other ants did weren’t always correct. In the movie â€Å"Z† believed that the princess had no real labor to do while he had tons of earth to move daily. The biggest lifestyle difference in the movie is probably behavior and an understanding of who one is. 8. Is the ant colony a caste system? If yes, explain how. In the movie ANTZ there is a scene where the antlings are assigned worker or soldier. Because of that scene it is safe to say yes, the ant colony is caste system. 9. Use one of the sociological perspectives to explain the stratification as depicted in the movie.  ·The functionalist perspective seems to fit wi th the movie because each aspect of the ant’s colony is interdependent and contributes to their colony's functioning as a whole. 10. How does the movie ANTZ relate to social stratification? In the movie we were introduced to ants as workers, soldiers, and royalty. They all had a meaningful purpose, but were viewed differently among the social classes. No matter who was upper or lower the ants couldn’t survive if everyone wasn’t accounted for and active. It is their acting like a colony that they survive in this movie. This is the same with social stratification. Social Stratification can be viewed as functional for the social order because it motivates people to undertake all the jobs necessary for the society to survive.

The Deaths of Romeo and Juliet

The Deaths of Romeo And Juliet December 1st , 2010 The Deaths of Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare was the spectacular playwright who wrote Romeo and Juliet. The play is about â€Å"Two star-crossed lovers†, Romeo and Juliet, and how they keep their love a secret because their families are enemies. The forbidden lovers must go through obstacles to be together, and go as far as committing suicide because they are apart. Romeo and Juliet die as a result of Friar Laurence, Lord and Lady Capulet, and the couples own poor decision making. Friar Laurence's actions throughout the play resulted in Romeo and Juliet's deaths. First, Friar Laurence led them to their to death by agreeing to secretly wed them in order to potentially bring the families together. Friar Laurence says to Romeo: â€Å"In one respect I'll thy assistant be,/ for this alliance may so happy prove,/ to turn your households' rancor to pure love (2. 3. 97-99). Friar Laurence should have thought about the outcome before jumping to conclusions because he could have caused the feud between the Capulet's and Montagues' to become even worse. Secondly, Friar Laurence gives Juliet a sleeping potion so that she can be with Romeo. Friar Laurence commands Juliet: â€Å"Take thou this vial, being then in bed,/ and this distilled liquor drink thou off† (4. 1. 93-94). Friar Laurence should have thought of a better way for her to be with Romeo because he is putting both Juliet and his own life in danger. Lastly, the Friar leaves Juliet in the Capulet vault all by herself after she sees her only love dead on the ground. Friar says to Juliet: â€Å"Come, go, good Juliet-[Noise] I dare no longer stay† (5. 3. 9-10). The Friar should have stayed and comforted Juliet instead of being scared and nervous that he will be blamed for the death of Romeo. In the beginning Friar Laurence had tried to help Romeo and Juliet but instead ended up being one of the main reasons for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Lady and Lord Capulet also caused troubles that lead to the death of Romeo and Juliet. Firstly, Lord Capulet threatens Juliet to marry Paris which causes Juliet to seek help from Friar Laurence. Lord Capulet threatens Juliet: â€Å"Hang thee, young baggage! Disobedient wretch! / I tell thee what, get thee to church o' Thursday,/ or never after look me in the face† (3. 5. 160-163). By saying this, Lord Capulet weakened his relationship with Juliet. Lord Capulet should have been more understanding and should have listened to Juliet's reason for why she could not marry Paris, before threatening her. Secondly, the Capulet's hate towards the Montagues' causes Juliet and Romeo to keep their love a secret. Nurse says to Juliet: â€Å"His name is Romeo, and a Montague; the only son of your great enemy† (1. 5. 135-136). The Capulet's should compromise with the Montague, so their families can be happy together. Lastly, there is no communication between Lady Capulet and Juliet. At one point in the play, Lady Capulet wants to talk to Juliet in private but calls the Nurse back for extra support. If Lady Capulet communicated with Juliet she would have known about Juliet's problems. Lady and Lord Capulet tried to be the best parents they could be, but instead they lead their only daughter and her only love into an early grave. Romeo and Juliet choose poor decisions throughout the play that cause their own deaths. Firstly, they decide to get married the first day they meet each other. Juliet asks Romeo: â€Å"Thy purpose marriage, send me word tomorrow† (2. . 144). This was a very poor decision by the couple because they are not truly in love and the only thing they know about each other is that there families are enemies. Secondly, Romeo and Juliet did not communicate with each other. Juliet asks the Nurse: â€Å"O God! Did Romeo's hand shed Tybalt's blood? † (3. 2. 77). Romeo should have told Juliet right away because they are married. If Romeo h ad communicated with Juliet right away she would have known why romeo killed Tybalt, her cousin. Lastly Romeo and Juliet both decide to kill themselves without thinking of other choices. At the end of the story, Romeo drinks a fatal potion because he believes that Juliet is dead, but Juliet was still alive and wakes up to see to Romeo dead on the ground so she stabs herself. They both react very quickly to the situation before thinking about their friends and family; they should have thought about doing something else, like finding a new beauty just like Romeo did in the beginning. Romeo and Juliet loved each other but their poor decision making was a big reason for their death. The deaths of Romeo and Juliet are Friar Laurence, Lord and Lady Capulet, and the couples poor decision making.

How to Succeed in Academic Writing

How to Succeed in Academic Writing How to Succeed in Academic Writing In the olden days when hand-written assignments were the norm, students with good handwriting earned more marks. Back then, instructors made it clear that good handwriting would increase the points you scored on a given paper. Today, hand-written tasks have gradually been replaced by typed assignments. Still, there are specific attributes instructors seek when they are marking academic assignments. Normally, the heads of college departments will dedicate a day or two to orientate new students. In such forums, students will be informed of key points that guarantee success in academic writing. Similarly, a lecturer will attach clear rubrics at the end of each assignment question. In this section, the student will be reminded of the main aspects that the marker will want to see in the final essay. A student is assured of passing an assignment is he/she satisfies the marker in adherence to the stated points. One of the things that help a student to succeed in any academic writing is precision. By this, it is meant that the final paper presented to the marker must fully address the task specified in the assignment. To ensure this, the student must read and comprehend the question before starting to write. Alternatively, he/she could occasionally revisit the question to check for any possible deviation. Secondly, the paper should be broad enough to cover the subject that is provided. This is achieved when the student identifies major keys to the task. Closely related to the element of breadth is depth. Unless there are explicit instructions to â€Å"mention† or â€Å"list†, the student should always provide an in-depth analysis of a given research topic. In academic writing, depth is accomplished through an inclusion of background readings and relevant but recent resources. A mistake commonly made by students when writing an academic paper is to reiterate the thoughts or opinions of other authors. Discussing a concept is different from conducting a literature review. In the former, which is what academic writing is about, it is vital to link the contentions of other authors with your own thoughts. This is where the notion of critical thinking comes in. The student must evaluate whether the background readings offer a logical position concerning the subject. When addressing an academic paper, factors that boost critical thinking are relevance and precision of other people’s ideas. A precise, broad, deep, and critically thought-out paper guarantees high quality content, but this is not enough. The instructor will want to see clarity in the writing. Thus, you must take care to articulate all the concepts properly. Though quotations are helpful, it is detrimental to use too many of them, because this negates the impression of originality and creativity. Again, you have to organize your paper well using headings as appropriate. Avoid using technical words to alleviate ambiguity. Things such as spelling and grammar must also be checked. Last, in-text citations together with a bibliography must be presented in the right format. Our academic writing service can provide you with a superior-quality custom essay, research paper, thesis or dissertation on any topic. All you need is to contact us now!

How to Make Your Laptop More Ergonomic

How to Make Your Laptop More Ergonomic Laptop computers are wonderful pieces of technology. They allow you to take immense computing power with you where ever you go. Unfortunately, certain ergonomic features are compromised for the sake of portability. Posture, keyboard spacing, screen size and positioning, and pointing devices usually take the biggest ergonomic hit. Even though laptops are designed for portability, many people use them as a desktop computer. Despite the poor ergonomics inherent in most laptops, certain steps can be taken to create a sound ergonomic laptop setup as a desktop. Whether its the main computer or a temporary setup, you can improve your ergonomics. The Main Ergonomic Issues With Laptops Keyboard spacing - laptop keyboards are often compact with odd placement of some keys and cramped spacing of others. Hand cramps and repetitive stress injuries are more of a concern on compact keyboards. Preventing wrist repetitive stress injuries becomes even more of a priority.Monitor size - laptop screens are often smaller than desktop monitors. Small screens can cause more eye strain than larger ones. Preventing eye strain becomes even more of a priority as well.Monitor placement - the relation of the keyboard to monitor on a laptop is fixed. A proper ergonomic monitor setup has the monitor and keyboard at different levels and spaced far apart. This placement causes bad posture with either arms and hands held high or the neck and back bent low. Both of which can cause some serious problems and pain.Small pointers - laptops usually have an integrated pointing device such as a touchpad or dot. These devices are adequate for the task, but not very comfortable or easy to use for long periods of time. Wrist related repetitive stress injuries pop up here as well. General Ergonomic Tips Make your laptop setup as close to the desktop ergonomic computer station setup as possible.Keep the wrists in the most natural wrist position that you can achieve.Rotate the screen so that bending of the neck is minimized.Tuck the chin into rotate the head instead of bending the neck. The Best Ergonomic Laptop Solution Use a laptop docking station. These devices let you plug in your laptop to a base station that has a monitor, keyboard, and mouse already connected. You basically have a desktop setup with a removable computer that just happens to have a keyboard and screen attached. Laptop Docking Stations Compare Prices The Next Best Ergonomic Laptop Solution If a docking station is out of your budget or otherwise impractical do the next best thing. Have a separate keyboard and mouse at the desk. This lets you place the laptop at the correct monitor position and have a comfortable keyboard and mouse at their proper locations. The Makeshift Ergonomic Solution If you can not get a separate keyboard and mouse, or you are in a temporary location there is still plenty you can do to improve your laptop ergonomic setup. Run through a quick task analysis to determine what the main thing you will be doing is. If it is reading, then set the laptop up in a proper ergonomic monitor position. If it is typing, then set the laptop up in a proper ergonomic keyboard position. If it is a mix, then set the laptop up in a proper ergonomic keyboard setup. The large muscles of the back and neck can take more stress than the arms and wrists so the bending of the neck to read the screen is the lesser of two ergonomic evils. If you have to place the laptop on a desktop, and thereby be higher than a good keyboard height, try changing planes. Elevate the rear of the laptop so that the keyboard is inclined. Then lean back in your chair so that your arms are now in line with the keyboard. Final Word on Laptop Ergonomics Laptops do not make good ergonomic desktops. They are not even that ergonomically sound on your lap. But that is not why you have one. Still, with a little diligence and a few accessories you can make your laptop work for you as a desktop.

Managing capability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing capability - Essay Example "I learn to be a manager from experience". (Mumford, 177) Then, why is it so complicated to manage people all times whether it is 1990 or 2010? The reason is there is not only one way to manage people but a multitude of ways. Everybody is different; he/she acts and reacts differently to the same situation. There are a lot of variables which intervene like character, knowledge, past experience, etc. Management capabilities area, in business management, is quite complex. People, who take part to this process, have their own strengths and weaknesses. They have their own point of view about what management is their own capability to transfer their knowledge. In addition to it, the working context gets changes. It appears some changes in the employment patterns, in the structure of the organization and in the economical and managerial context. Prospective and Modern Trends in Capabilities Management The environment of the work very much influences the form and the efficiency of the manage ment which is applied. Indeed, there were a lot of changes in the way of managing people, because the structure of the company has changed (restructuring, re-engineering, downsizing...), the market has changed as well (globalization, decentralization, and deregulation), the culture has changed (feminization; psychological contract). The manager has to internalize all these variables to be able to produce a greater managerial work, adapted to his/her audience. The achievement of the objectives depends, to a great extent, on the way the management is applied. Thus, we can propose a definition of management in Naylor’s words that management is the course of gaining organizational targets, within a varying environment, by harmonizing efficiency, effectiveness and equity, acquiring the most from restricted resources, and working with and through other people" (Naylor, 6). Managing Capabilities and its Impact of Organizational Development Management is the practice of attaining org anizational objectives, within a shifting atmosphere, by balancing competence, efficiency and fairness, achieving the most from limited resources, and functioning with and through a successful team comprising other people (Naylor, 6). The enhanced intricacy of the working atmosphere and the improved requirement for better productivity transpire the significance of the individual development and learning phases. In addition, Pickett (1998) affirms that in today set ups, managers, must recognize the core competencies of their organization. This act will guarantee the ample and suitable corresponding between the organizational and the personal or managerial competencies. (Pickett, 111) Khandwalla (2004) research results summarize management capability which has been extremely oriented in successful managers in various organizations throughout the world. The core competencies appear to be goodwill promoting" (p.12). Trustworthiness has a great effect on the capability to earn esteem whi ch eventually helps to activate insufficient resources in tough situations. Planning aptitude and time management capabilities have revealed appositive impact for taking individual responsibilities. In managing capability in corporate sector, team building traits are an essential source for helpful, effectual and relaxed environment. Some schools have different approaches to

How Can Sports Help Kids Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How Can Sports Help Kids - Research Paper Example Not all sporting activities are beneficial to children, only organized sporting activities. Organized sporting activities help children feel satisfied and have a sense of achievement. It builds a spirit of teamwork and leadership in the children. Parents should not restrict their children from engaging in physical activities if they want their children to be exemplary leaders. However, sporting activities have been declining in the past years because of technological advancements with boys being the most affected (Active community guide, 2002). Children have just played computer and video games instead of physical activities. Girls are the greatest benefits of sporting activities as they take sports more seriously than boys. Warren Clark, 2008. Canadian Social Trends: Kids’ sports, Statistics Canada. Sports permit kids to develop teamwork, competition, leadership and communication skills. These aspects are particularly relevant in growing children. We need to instill these in all children and prepare them as future leaders. Sports also assist in the improvement of the health of children and reduce future health-related problems. In terms of health, it helps build healthy bones in children and enhances fitness. Games also endorse good posture and reinforce the heart. The kids involved in sports are more relaxed than their lazy partners, and this in general boosts proper growth and maturity. I think both the family and the instructors participate significantly in the development of kids through sports. As we all know, children learn through play it helps them learn about the societal context. As children involve themselves in sports and various games, they learn how to solve problems and help themselves. Their mind is developed, and they understand more easily on what they are being taught. Active community guide, 2002. Active kids, NSW Department of Sport and Recreation Sports help the children expand their physical skills which are learned as they find o ut how to climb and handle their toys. Parents should ensure that they have spent considerable time with their children so that the children will feel motivated. They need to be offering emotional support and rewarding them even when they fail. This will motivate them as they build skills. A parent should also not force their child to involve in a sport that they do not like. They should be allowed to make their own decisions at an early age. Sports as well help children enhance cognitive aspects such as solving problems and also improve their attention duration (Pivarnik and Pfeiffer, 2002). This not only helps the kid but also benefits the community as a whole. They gain the ability to do their homework without a lot of help and do their own things like finding socks, bathing themselves and making their beds. Through sporting activities, children learn imperative language skills. As a child plays with other children, the interaction allows them to develop their language in terms o f speaking and writing. Some games such as debates and telling jokes are an unusually vital way of improving language skills. Luepker, R.V. 1999. How physically active are American children and what can we do about it? Int. J. Obes. 23 (Suppl. 2): S12-S17. Children nowadays are becoming overweight because they just sit in front of televisions and computer instead of participating in active games (Luepker, 1999).

McDonald's and its cultural branding principle through effective Essay

McDonald's and its cultural branding principle through effective communication process - Essay Example Fast foods have become integral parts of everybody’s fast-paced life. With them, it is just easy to manage time. There is convenience and even saving of the most valuable resource one could potentially and relatively consider, time. As everybody is faced with very demanding daily schedules, fast foods have proven themselves effective at coping time and meeting deadlines. This specifically created a wonderful opportunity for McDonald’s to meet the prevailing needs in the market via comprehensive marketing techniques. Things did not simply come smoothly for McDonald’s the easy way around. It needed to substantially invest in creating its name through effective communication process. One important move it was able to successfully perform in order to achieve its place in the competition right now was its ability to differentiate its product service. It substantially aimed at giving the world its favorite foods, but in a unique way, which provides a greater value for customer experience. McDonald’s simply has marketing freedom. With this business privilege, McDonald’s has become a powerful company in the world, a producer of knowledge, opener of public consciousness and a great deceiver because there is freedom on its part to use the media with a corresponding advertising budget. This implies that media advertisements are considered to be great ways to influence people and keep the target consumers informed about the latest line of product and service offerings of McDonald’s.

Multilevel Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Treatment

Multilevel Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Treatment Comparison between anterior approaches and posterior approaches for the treatment of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a meta analysis Abstract Objective: Both anterior and posterior approaches are used in the treatment of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy (MCSM) due to spinal stenosis or ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). However, the optimal strategy remains controversial. To compare the clinical results between the two approaches, a meta-analysis was conducted. Methods: PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane library were searched up to July 2014 without language restriction. The reference lists of selected searches comparing anterior and posterior approaches were screened manually. Subgroup analysis was conducted according to the cause of MCSM. A fixed effect model was used for pool data, and a random effects model for heterogeneous data. Mean difference (MD) and odds ratio (OR) was used for continuous and dichotomous outcomes, respectively. Results: Seventeen articles were selected in this study, all of which were non-randomized controlled trials. There were significant difference between two approaches for post-Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score (MD=1.13, 95% CI=0.41, 1.86), operation time (MD=67.43, 95% CI=16.94, 117.91), post-range of motion (ROM) (MD=1.86, 95% CI=0.61, 3.12), length of stay (MD=-1.54, 95% CI=-2.25, -0.5)and complication rate (OR=2.28, 95% CI=1.52, 3.41). Meanwhile, there were no significant difference for pre-JOA, blood loss, neurological recovery rate, pre-ROM, pre- and post-Nurick grade. Conclusions: Based on this meta-analysis, post-JOA and length of stay are significantly better in the anterior group, but high complication rate and no apparent difference for neurological recovery rate made it necessary to conclude more trials with high quality to further confirm the conclusion. Keywords: multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy; clinical outcomes; meta-analysis Introduction Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is caused by compression of the spinal cord due to degeneration. Spinal stenosis and ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) have been considered as the two common causes of CSM. CSM can be treated by a variety of anterior, posterior, or combined anterior and posterior surgical approaches. The decision to use an anterior or a posterior approach depends on many factors, such as the reason of spinal cord compression, the number of vertebral segments, cervical alignment, and the surgeon’s familiarity with the techniques1. Anterior approaches usually include anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion (ACCF) and cervical discectomy with fusion (ACDF), whereas the typical posterior approaches involve laminectomy and laminoplasty2. Anterior decompression and fusion has been successfully used for CSM involving one or two levels3, 4. But failures will be observed when three or more levels are involved (multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy, MCSM) with anterior approaches5, 6. Compared with anterior approaches, posterior strategies provide an indirect canal decompression by allowing the spinal cord to float away from ventral compression. The disadvantages of posterior approach were also noted, for example, neck pain, loss of lordotic curvature, segmental instability, and late neurologic deterioration7. Although many studies comparing the two approaches have been done, the optimal approach providing satisfactory decompression remains to be determined. No systematic analysis of the two approaches in the treatment of MCSM has been published yet. In order to provide a basis for selecting, a meta-analysis of clinical results of anterior approaches compared with posterior approaches for patients with MCSM was performed. Materials and methods Literature search The authors searched multiple databases, includingPubMed, Embase and The Cochrane library up to June 11, 2014 without language restriction. Additionally, the reference lists of selected searches and related articles that not yet included in the electronic database were screened manually. The searching strings were (1) myelopathy or cervical spondylosis or cervical vertebrae or cervical stenosis; (2) Corpectomy or anterior cervical discectomy or anterior decompression or ventral; (3) laminoplasty or laminectomy or posterior decompression or dorsal, with the operator â€Å"AND†. Literature screening Articles were reviewed according to the following criteria: (1) The researches were designed as randomized controlled trials, case-control studies or cohort studies; (2) Patients with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy (MCSM) due to spinal stenosis or ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL); (3) The anterior approaches group was treated by anterior cervical canal decompression; (4) The posterior approaches group was treated by posterior cervical canal decompression; (5) The outcomes was clinical endpoint, like neurological recovery rates, Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, range of motion (ROM), Nurick grade, complication rate, operation time, blood loss, and length of stay in hospital. Also, there are five exclusion criteria for literature screening. These were: (1) The cases followed up less than one year; (2) Patients with MSCM were caused by tumors, trauma, soft disk herniation, or previous surgery; (3) Patients without MSCM; (4) Researches without control; (5) non-nature literatures, such as reviews, letters and comments. Data extraction and studies quality assessment Two investigators respectively assessed each potentially eligible study and then extracted data from the included studies. Disagreements were resolved through discussion. The information extracted including the author, publication year, area, ages, sex, number of patients, follow-up period, surgical methods and outcomes. Furthermore, We used the Cochrane8 for assessing the quality of randomized studies, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS)9 for nonrandomised sudies or cohort studies. respectively. Statistical analysis The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the divergence of all outcomes, and all analyses were performed by RevMan5.2 software. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for Continuous variables, while Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI were calculated for dichotomous data. Statistic heterogeneity was identified using chi-square test and I2 test. If P2 >50%, which indicated heterogeneity exists among all results, random effects model was applied. If P≠¥0.05 or I2 ≠¤50%, which indicated heterogeneity, the fixed effects model was selected10. The publication bias was tested by constructing a funnel plot. Results Search results A flow diagram of the literature search and study selection was shown in fig.1. Basing on the aforementioned criteria, we searched 1216, 1710, and 13 articles from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library respectively. A total of 2234 articles were remained after excluding duplicate publications. And a total of 2191 articles that mismatched the included criteria were excluded after screening titles and abstracts. Therefore, a total of 43 articles were identified. Of these, sixteen articles were excluded after reading the abstracts: ten articles did not compare the effects between anterior approaches and posterior approaches and six articles were reviews. Ten articles were excluded for the following reasons: two articles were not about multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy, one was self-controlled study, four were about MCSM due to soft disc herniation, and three articles did not have statistic data. Manual search of references did not find any additional articles. As a result, a total of 17 articles1, 6, 11-25 were identified for the Meta analysis. Baseline characteristics As shown in Table 1, seventeen studies were included for our meta analysis. Patients with MSCM in 10 studies1, 11, 12, 15, 17, 19-21, 24, 25 were caused by spinal stenosis, and 5 studies6, 13, 14, 18, 23 were caused by ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), two studies16, 22 caused by both types above. The articles were published from 1992 to 2013. The mean ages ranged from 51.8 to 66.8 years old. The sample size, gender ratio, follow-up period, and surgical methods of each study are listed in Table 1. All studies included were non-randomized controlled trails. The qualities of all studies were assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOQAS). The scale for non-randomized controlled trails and cohort studies was used to allocate a maximum of 9 points for the quality of selection (4), comparability (1), and exposure (3) or outcomes (3). As shown in supplement table 1, five studies scored 7 points and twelve scored 8 points. Hence, all studies were of a relatively high quality. Clinical outcomes The main outcomes in this Meta analysis were preoperative JOA score, postoperative JOA score, operation time, blood loss, complication rate and neurological recovery rates. According to patients type, studies were divided into three subgroups: subgroup spinal stenosis, subgroup OPLL, subgroup spinal stenosis and OPLL. The results of heterogeneity for preoperative JOA score was P=0.21, I2=22%, indicating no heterogeneity. So the fixed-effects model was selected and MD was 0.39 (95% CI =0.09, 0.69, P=0.01) (Fig. 2). However, except subgroup spinal stenosis and OPLL had significantly differences, the other two subgroups had no significantly differences in the preoperative JOA. By contrast, there has a statistically significance in the postoperative JOA score (MD=1.13, 95% CI =0.41, 1.86) among the three subgroups. But both subgroup spinal stenosis and subgroup OPLL showed apparent heterogeneity (Fig. 3). We also analyzed operation time, blood loss, complication rate for subgroup OPLL and subgroup spinal stenosis, respectively. Comparison of operation time and blood loss of the two subgroups showed that subgroup spinal stenosis had heterogeneity but not for subgroup OPLL. The operation time for both subgroups had statistically significance (MD=67.43; 95% CI =16.94, 117.91), while blood loss did not (MD=52.43; 95% CI =-79.8, 184.66) (Fig. 4, Fig. 5). Furthermore, when we compared the two subgroups we found the following results. The complication rate of subgroup spinal stenosis was significantly higher in the anterior approaches than in posterior approaches (OR=2.60; 95% CI =1.63, 4.15; P2=38%), while subgroup OPLL was not significant (Fig. 6). The neurological recovery rates compared among three subgroups showed no significantly difference (MD=11.85, 95% CI=0.86, 22.84) (Fig. 7). Since few studies was reported, secondary outcomes like pre- and postoperative range of motion (ROM) , pre- and postoperative Nurick grade and length of stay are listed in table 2. Only postoperative ROM (MD=1.86, 95% CI=0.61, 3.12) and length of stay (MD=-1.54, 95% CI= -2.59, -0.50) showed significant difference (P=0.04). there were no statistical difference in pre-ROM, pre- and postoperative Nurick grade between anterior and posterior approaches. Publication bias A variety of clinical outcomes had been calculated, funnel plots only for preoperative JOA score and postoperative JOA score were displayed. As shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, all studies were within the confidential intervals and the shape of the funnel plots revealed symmetric distribution, which suggested there were no significant publication bias. Discussion The surgical treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) has been studied for a long time. Anterior approaches have been widely accepted as an effective and reliable method for the treatment of CSM. but which surgical strategy should be selected for the treatment of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy (MCSM) remains controversial and challenge. Therefore, we had compared the clinical outcomes of anterior and posterior approaches in the treatment of MCSM due to spinal stenosis or OPLL. In this study, we searched the PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane library and found 17 articles comparing anterior and posterior approaches for treatment of MCSM. According to NOQAS, all included studies had high quality. And a meta-analysis was performed to determine which surgical treatment is more effective. Based on the cause of MCSM, the studies were divided into three subgroups: subgroup spinal stenosis, subgroup OPLL, subgroup spinal stenosis and OPLL. For the clinical results, there was significant difference in preoperative JOA scores in subgroup spinal stenosis and subgroup OPLL. Postoperative JOA scores was better in the anterior group compared with posterior group. This results show that the groups had similar baseline neural function, and the postoperative neural function condition was better in anterior group. Authors selected operation time and blood loss for meta analysis to estimate surgical trauma. In our study, the operation time was significant difference between the two groups, while blood loss had no statistically significance. This suggests that surgical trauma in anterior group was higher than that inposterior group in the treatment of MCSM. In addition, the post-ROM was better in posterior group while length of stay was shorter in anterior group. The preoperative ROM, pre- and post-Nurick grad did not differ significantly between the two groups. In the meta-analysis of neurological recovery rate, significant heterogeneity was found between the studies. Subsequent subgroup analysis was similar for the three subgroups. Complication rate was selected to evaluate complication-related outcomes by some authors. And they found a significantly higher incidence of complications in anterior group compared with the posterior group. Our analysis showed the same results. Subsequent subgroup analysis showed the complication rate of anterior group was higher in subgroup spinal stenosis. This suggests that the anterior approaches were associated with a higher incidence of complications for the treatment of MCSM. There are limitations in our study. First, all studies included in the meta-analysis were non-randomized controlled trails. Second, only few studies were included to evaluate pre- and post-ROM either in subgroup OPLL or subgroup spinal stenosis and OPLL. Therefore, it is necessary to include more prospective and randomized controlled trials with high quality to provide more data on the clinical results of both procedures. Hence, though anterior approaches seems have better clinical outcomes compared with posterior approaches in our study, we could not draw a strong conclusion about which strategy is preferred to the treatment of MCSM due to spinal stenosis or OPLL. Conclusions On the basis of the meta-analysis of anterior approaches and posterior approaches for the treatment of MCSM, we can conclude that the clinical outcomes of anterior approaches are superior to posterior approaches for post-JOA, length of stay, the outcomes blood loss, neurological recovery rate are equivalent between two groups. Because of the existing limitations of the study, future studies with high quality are needed for update meta-analysis in order to evaluate the strategy for MCSM treatment.

Class, Socialization, and Politics Essay -- Political Socialization an

Elections are at the core of the American political system. They are the way we choose our government, the source of government authority, and a means by which the people can influence public policy. For most Americans, voting is the only form of political participation. Essential questions to ask concerning these issues are: Who votes and why? What influences people to become voters? And what influences how they vote? It is important to approach these issues from a sociological standpoint addressing such matters as socialization and social stratification. Socialization is a gradual process that takes place as we grow up. It is the process that aids in developing attitudes and opinions that allow us get along within a society. These beliefs affect the political views we hold later in life. Through social agencies such as family, schools, peers, and media we become aware of social rules and develop a social identity. (Introduction to Sociology Pg. 96) A product of this development is political socialization, which is the process of learning political attitudes and behaviors. The idea of political socialization helps in providing the answers to the questions concerning who votes. It aids in explaining how and why people participate in politics. The strongest agent in political socialization is the family. What this means is that most children adopt beliefs similar to those held by their parents. Therefore most people will believe in and vote for issues that are important to members of their family’s. The extent to which an individ ual is involved in the political process is shaped by his or her family’s level of involvement. For example, a child is less likely to vote if they are raised by parents who don’t regularly go to the polls on Election Day. Children of course, don’t always copy their parents’ political learning’s, but are often heavily influenced by them. As a result, most people end up favoring the political party that their parents generally identify with. Social Characteristics also affect how an individual will participate in politics. Whether a person is young or old, black or white, rich or poor, northerner or southerner will have a heavy impact on his or her political opinions and behavior. Class may be just as important in shaping people’s political opinions and behaviors. The term social class refers to one of the systems of structured... ...rank of middle class tend to have a much lower level of involvement in politics while those who rise above the line feel quite the opposite. Granted there will be deviant cases that can on some level disprove these theories. But on the grand scale, class remains as the supreme cause of such severe division among the attitudes expressed by the American people. Bibliography 1.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hammond, John L. The Politics of Benevolence: Revival Religion and American Voting Behavior. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1979. 2.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Doppelt, Jack C. and Shearer, Ellen. Non-Voters: America’s No Shows. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc., 1999 3.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bailey Jr., Harry A. and Katz, Ellis. Ethnic Group Politics. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, 1969. 4.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Houtman, Dick. Class and Politics in Contemporary Social Science. New York: Walter de Gruyter Inc., 2003. 5.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Catt, Helena. Voting Behavior: A Radical Critique. London: Leicester University Press, 1996. 6.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Giddens, Anthony, Duneier, Mitchell, and Appelbaum, Richard P. Introduction to Sociology: Fourth Edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc., 2003.